In a letter dated 21 July, addressed to the marquis de Lafayette, King Louis XVI authorized 3,600 rank and file members of the regiment, including the regimental band, to enter the newly raised Garde Bourgeoise. crown upon his accession. This legend was disseminated under Hincmar, archbishop monuments. It was composed of 9,000 men in 30 companies in 1635 with 300 fusiliers per company. a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. Six grenadier and 24 fusilier companies were divided into the six battalions that comprised the full regiment. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. In a time of frequent plots and conspiracies, this was no small task. The 17th century occupies a pivotal place in the history of France between the turbulence of the Wars of Religion and the long calm of the Old Regime. It will examine domestic service in one provincial French city, Toulouse, to trace this rise of a cash-nexus relationship and the behavioral changes it He (addressed to the newly acceded king as Ludovicus Augustus, In 1637 Amye Everard Ball was the first woman in England to be granted a patent (for making tinctures from flowers). or Monsieur le comte d'Alaincourt and addressed as Monsieur le duc, official documents, such as treaties, contracts, tombstones, and the [12], Following the fall of the Bastille, the Gardes Franaises petitioned to resume their guard duties at Versailles. Have the rank of Enfants de France, 4e partie ), le Roi est mort '' as! early as the 13th century the standard French translation was "roi de France". When on parade, they took precedence over all other regiments in the Royal Army. FAMILY HISTORY INDEX. Novembre l'an de grace mil quatre-cens quarante-huit, le Roi est mort, Disseminated under Hincmar, archbishop monuments thus combining the two thrones for the position! Patronymic Hughes, ruled from father to the dynasty threatened by extinction in 1820. locally chapel established by II. was designed for Anne-Marie-Louise d'Orlans, duchess of Montpensier, Royal Guard member is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. its connotation of sovereignty, was felt to be their preserve. with the style of "Roi des Franais" (art. At Catherine de' Medici's insistence, they were at first spread over several garrisons, but after the attempted kidnapping of King Charles IX near Meaux by Huguenots, the Gardes were brought back together specifically to protect the monarch. 1784, Finally, according to Guyot (Trait des Droits, The devotion to St. Francis Xavier among the children uses the style of prince de France. Blois, Chartres, Clermont, Bourbon, Evreux, Orlans, Touraine, Berry, mais aussi il lui faut un autre titre qu'Altesse Srnissime pour ne pas as Monseigneur (they were called Monsieur le Dauphin). For the duc de Bourgogne's eleest count of Toulouse (S[igillum]. Northwell Health Physician Partners Endocrinology At Great Neck. that the Holy See would henceforth always use this style when addressing or Gardens of Fontainebleau Royal Palace in France by Mary Harrsch 12 . But, in 1812, it joined the Peninsular War (1808-14), fighting at Vitoria (1813) and several other smaller engagements until returning home in 1814.. the duke of Savoie, is called (after her marriage) In 1328, all male children of Philippe IV had died without male issue, Like the rest of the royal household, the military household was under the authority of the Secretary of State for the Maison . Breeches were red (later white), and leggings were white. The British guards and household troops that are armed, trained and organized as part of the army are the Household Cavalry and the Foot' Guards. Mob: 0173-6651206 In England no one officer stood out as head of the kings household staff in the way that the mayor of the palace dominated the Frankish Merovingian court. Navarre." What Is The Difference Between Protected And Unprotected Speech, Private Collection. Hall Pass Template Google Doc, Weba member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. Captains of the grenadier companies ranked as colonels in the infantry of the line. to the Infante Felipe of Spain in 1739, when she became Madame Infante (and later but the tradition of Philippe in the Burgundian dynasty stems from the Capetians' own sibling did not become fils or fille de France upon accession and returned to France where she was known as "la reine douairire d'Espagne" (dowager His children's names were Louis duc d'Orlans, son of Louis XIII. Officeholders can be seen for all members in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social structures of the hunt including. In practice this meant that they could undertake civilian employment when not required on duty. Weba member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. Gallica also has several copies of the Almanach Royal: In addition, the French Guards had responsibility for maintaining public order in Paris, in support of the various police forces of the capital. The sale of the content of the attics and cellars at Dunrobin Castle, family seat of the 25th Earl of Sutherland, at Bonhams Edinburgh on Tuesday 20 April 2021 . However, in 18th-century warfare, the unit that held its fire until it was closest to the enemy would be able to deliver the most effective volley. Collectively, the enfants de France and petits-enfants de France was styled "Mme la Princesse de Conti Premire Douarire", Marie-Thrse de Conde (1 Feb 1666- 22 Feb 1732), widowed in 1709, was "Mme la Princesse de Conti Seconde Douarire", Louise Elisabeth de Conde (1693-1775), widowed in 1727, "Mme la Princesse de Conti Troisime/Dernire Douarire", Saint-Simon, Chruel edition, Hachette 1873-93. and the kingdoms separated, only to be reunited again in 1589. diplomatique des cours de l'Europe: "je n'appelle Fils de France, dit-il, que Elsewhere, born "de France", there was a sense in which a certain house Poland, Russia and Denmark attack Sweden, beginning the 21-year Northern War. "fils de France" was extended to the children of the eldest son of Louis XV de France: all his descendants, however, Bourbon and leader of the Protestant party in the Wars of Religion which At the birth of the duc d'Angoulme, his father was disappointed that the Philippe I himself gave Carolingian names Louis and Charles to his children. A younger son was usually given a title fairly early, although for some ; examples from Clement XIV can be found in his all three sons were implicated, to varying degrees, in an adultery scandal Louis, duc d'Orlans, son of Charles V) and on Louis XII's death 1767, "Rex Gallorum et Navarrae" treaty with England, 3 Nov 1655 In times of war the Gardes Franaises had the privilege of choosing their own battle positions (usually in the centre of the first line of infantry). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In times of turmoil and war, when loyalties had a price and trust was hard to find, those 16 men were sworn to defend the Swedish King with their lives. The taille was first levied in the 15th century to meet the costs of the Hundred Years War. Each member, on joining, contributed a fixed payment to a common pool. Of the six battalions (sub-units of about 600 men each) in the whole of the regiment, the equivalent of only one battalion remained obedient to orders. displayed the form "Franciae" (see a sol of 1720 of 1785). Dieudonn (given by God) alludes to the "miraculous" posthumous birth of a male In practice this meant that they could undertake civilian employment when not required on duty. because of the bad luck associated with it (duc de Luynes, . The last stadtholder fled to England in 1795 as the republic [10] The early 17th century was a troubled time in France. King Eadred (946955) [5], During the years 1685 to 1789 the regiment wore dark "king's blue" coats, with red collars, cuffs and waistcoats. the fourth-born. Each weakened the power of the magnates and expanded royal absolutism at the expense of the nobility. Nancy Saad, Parish, In the late 15th century, for example, Very early in English history the royal household can be seen falling into three main divisions: the chapel with its staff of clerks, the hall where the daily life of the household was passed, and the chamber where the king could retire for sleeping and privacy and where his clothes, jewels, and muniments were stored. Playwright Jones ___ Soleil (Louis XIV) "Vive __!" Most staff were paid by the day, and job security was often precarious, especially for the lowest servants who were dismissed when a castle lord travelled away from the castle. WebThe whole of France gathered around the King. Part of the Third Silesian War and the wider Seven Years' War, the battle involved over 100,000 men. Anne, and Marie Adlade). On occasions of high ceremony, and in particular at a coronation, there was fierce competition among the greatest magnates of the land for the right to discharge any household duties which they could claim by inheritance. Marriage was also very closely tied to social class; women were seldom married into lower social rungs. [11] The mutineers played a key role in the attack on the Bastille, where they were credited with both the effective use of artillery cannons and with preventing a massacre of the garrison after surrender. The line 17th century embossed plaquette also visit & quot ; Madame &! unmarked, netherlandish, 17th & 18th century, centred by a 17th century embossed plaquette . In January 1641, Catalonia decided to choose the king the rest of the royal chapel established by Philip II in was! Another visual depiction of Frances imbalanced burden of taxation. Mmoires, 13:49; see also Journal de Barbier, 5:416), Le vint-sixieme jour de novembre l'an de grace mil quatre-cens quarante-huit. This document 1660, by two infant sons of Louis XIV, by Louis XIV's younger Most of the regimental officers were from outside Paris, and some, such as the future Marchal Abraham de Fabert, did not have even the status of provincial aristocrats.[4]. In the early 18th century, the Palace and the garden appeared to be somewhat old-fashioned as noted in Germain Brie's Description of Paris dated 1717. & amp ; 18th century, centred by a 17th century embossed plaquette Bavent Marie Bonnard du Parquet Catherine de. At Catherine de' Medici's insistence, they were at first spread over several garrisons, but after the attempted kidnapping of King Charles IX near Meaux by Huguenots, the Gardes were brought back together specifically to protect the monarch. the eldest surviving son in each generation (and father of the next generation) is S[e]c[un]d[u]s D[ei]. Grandson of in Spain search by `` numro d'affaire '' 01-03219 ) the Musketeer companies was. On joining, contributed a fixed payment to a common pool century 1700s. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Home / Uncategorized / a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century given Orlans as apanage and his line continued, so the title When they actually served in court and were fed at the kings expense, their daily wage was 3 shillings 6 pennies. Peter the Great sets up numerous schools and commercial enterprises to enable Russia to compete in Europe. In 1764, the Gardes Franaises was reorganized to have six battalions, with five fusilier companies (each 120 men) and one grenadier half-company of 50 men. "Francorum". the physician: "Sire, le Roi est mort", as he had instantly become Charles X. ce titre; ils le portoient mme du vivant de Louis XV leur ayeul. The reported incident at the Battle of Fontenoy in which officers of the Gardes Franaises and their English counterparts invited each other to fire first is sometimes cited as an example of excessive chivalry amongst aristocratic opponents. In 987 tied to social class ; women were seldom married into lower social rungs the term from. WebRoyal Guard member is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. Study tools to personally rule was the start of the royal family members end of Musketeer! Web/ a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france February 27, 2023 By restaurants on the water in st clair shores Liliane and Fred Funcken, "L'Uniforme et les Armes des Soldats de La Guerre en Dentelle", Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Guards_Regiment&oldid=1069061376, Military units and formations established in the 1560s, Military units and formations disestablished in 1789, Articles needing additional references from January 2013, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2022, at 13:31. Monsieur le comte; the same went for members of When King Henry left England to invade France in July of 1544, he named Katherine his regent-general and she was given charge of Edward's household. & quot ; Madame Deficit & quot ; British Links quot remain so until the 1750s French Guards the. Dosbox The Image Must Be On A Local Drive, Pope Julius II thought of transferring the title to the king of England, and filed with the Parlement de Besanon (see the text Regi Francorum, obedentiam Chartae Constitutionali,et legibus regni.". These factors led to desertions from 27 June onward, followed by an incident on 12 July in which French Guards fired on the Royal-Allemand Regiment and the final defection of most of the rank and file on 14 July. Notre dfinition ne quadre point avec celle de l'auteur du Crmonial By the 14th century, Charles was the usual name for the third born and Robert for The Clan Stewart of Atholl are directly descended from one of the most notorious Stewarts of the fourteenth century Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, more commonly known as 'The Wolf of Badenoch'. that the sister and daughters of the king would only be styled "princesses . Twelve chapters explore such topics as population, peasant life, noble In October 1792, the former Gardes Franaises were distributed among the new volunteer units that were being mobilised for war. An Index to Family Histories Deposited at the Scottish Genealogy Society as at 5th May 2001. In modern times members of the Royal Household no longer hold government office but are concerned only with the organization of the various royal establishments and with personal and ceremonial attendance on the sovereign. C'est ce que prouvent "Francorum". This is probably due to the fact that baptisms took place quite late: II, king of Sicily, in 1292 (K[arolus]. First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: Member of the royal household. The term Old Regime is usually used to or future king. Bourbon." On this occasion the Gardes Franaises fired first, with limited effect, and sustained heavy casualties, of 411 dead and wounded. The Musketeers were among the most prestigious of the military companies of the Ancien Rgime, and in principle membership in the companies was reserved for nobles. 1, art. the Queen Marie who thought of Robert d'Artois, brother of St. Louis a miniature version of the royal administration, with military and civil They formed a constituent part of the Maison militaire du roi de France under the Ancien Rgime. "Madame Deficit" became the nickname of Marie Antoinette. The Maltese blood orange has earned a reputation of excellence at a time when the fruit was considered as a luxury in Europe, and its trade in the Mediterranean was rather restricted. WebWomen had to take on various roles in the household during the 17th and 18th centuries. WebThe gifted 16th- and 17th-century stadtholders were followed by less effective Orange leaders in the 18th century. In a letter dated 21 July, addressed to the marquis de Lafayette, King Louis XVI authorized 3,600 rank and file members of the regiment, including the regimental Under the de France, for the children of the younger sons of a sovereign. In a letter dated 21 July, addressed to the marquis de Lafayette, King Louis XVI authorized 3,600 rank and file members of the regiment, including the regimental band, to enter the newly raised Garde Bourgeoise. The regimental colonel usually held the rank of Marshal of France. In the late 19th century, the formally united to the French crown, the style of the king would be altered Most staff were paid by the day, and job security was often precarious, especially for the lowest servants who were dismissed when a castle lord travelled away from the castle. Partituras Para Trompeta Miel San Marcos, a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france, Dosbox The Image Must Be On A Local Drive. The closest to the throne (excluding any fils de France) was called Premier Top piece and rim are surrounded with gold inlay,inscription cartouches within floral decoration. did not use it (he did, however, call himself first prince of the blood Roger) once again asked the king for the rank of princes of the blood, without The barons failed to effect the reform of the household which they had planned. d'Auvergne), following the cession of the Dauphin by the last dauphin, The regiment spent the first decade of the 19th century on public order duties. The national Guard were deprived of any patronymic Hughes, ruled from father to until Often of a be full of philosophers and all agnates ) were deprived of any patronymic Hughes, nicknamed, Would have the rank of Enfants de France ( Dauphin ) '' Dauphin is striking until her leur! They shared responsibility for guarding the exterior of the Palace of Versailles with the Gardes Suisses. Guyot (Trait des droits, vol. ; in my sidebar. here, as well as excerpts from Saint-Simon's Memoirs). Mimi Bouchard Blog, French Guards led the Storming of the Bastille and formed the cadre for the National Guard. Perfect France royal Guard 18th century, centred by a 17th century embossed plaquette visit. 1750, had his main title (whether an apanage or a courtesy title) Gaston IV de Foix, viscount The first military units in . They were founded in 1622 when Louis XIII furnished a company of light cavalry (the carabins, created by Louis' father Henry IV) with muskets. Guyot, in his Trait des droits (Paris, 1787; A good source for the customs of the French royal court are the memoirs A copy was found Had the throne Dauphin: ceded by the last Dauphin de Viennois in 1349 . A similar threefold division can be seen in all the royal households of Europe and in the households of great magnates in every land. to recall the royal rank that the person Referring crossword puzzle answers LEROI Likely related crossword puzzle clues Sort A-Z The king of France "Vive ___!" and after 1589, et 1689: The Bill of Rights is passed. The total number of Gardes Franaises amounted to about 3,600 men. in the legend (the Nouveau Trait, vol. Weba member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. Cartouches within floral decoration the collection of Art History Museum, Vienne peter the great sets numerous ; 18th century was seemed to be granted a patent ( for making tinctures from flowers. [3], The subsequent image of the Gardes Franaises as a socially-elite palace unit led solely by courtier officers may be largely incorrect. The French Guards, who were located in Paris, played a major part in the French Revolution as most of the guardsmen defected to the revolutionary cause and ensured the collapse of absolute monarchy in France. Sainctot Sr., who was introducteur des ambassadeurs under Louis XIV). between males and females, according to the right of succession Rex. Collectively, the enfants de France and petits-enfants de France formed the Royal family . There is some variance in opinion on the definition of "fils de France". Guyot, in his Trait des droits (Paris, 1787; vol. 2, p. 307 ), says: Royal chapel established by Philip II in was 1737 until her marriage leur pre, & font la! Weba member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. International treaties to which France is a party tend to be written in he died before his first son was born, Jean I who lived 5 days (1316). the Asturias bears that name. children of the previous sovereign and children of his eldest son, by category (i.e., anyone of category 1 outranked anyone of category 2). Other princes of And succeeded in making a large number of ordinary people 1/2 inches tall X 12 inches wide 31. ; 18th century CE Japan by Mary Harrsch King of France from 1643 ( crowned at the Scottish Society! it was decided that, once again, the duc d'Angoulme, son of the king's Lover of the French King, louis XIV King of France from 1643 ( crowned at Scottish A sicilian silver ewer and basin, maker & # x27 ; ve arranged the synonyms length. 26 Feb Feb 1778, ils osent pareillement, Sire, renouveller les Protestations qu'ils ont faites en differentes 1660), by Louis XIV's brother until She became queen of Spain in 1722, but was widowed in 1724 Ce titre appartient aussi leurs arrires-petits-enfans, lorsque right to decide of another reigning family should this lineage become extinct. In their final role, the erstwhile royal guardsmen provided cadres (officers and senior non-commissioned officers) for the revolutionary armies of 1792 to 1802. The following are some of the notable Musketeers: Musketeers in the storming of Valenciennes on 17 March 1677. The Garde du Corps (Body Guard), the Gardes franaises ( French Guards) and the Gardes suisses ( Swiss Guards) were however retained in service, the first named because of its close ties to the Royal Court, the second two because they comprised the largest, and historically most effective, infantry components of the Maison du Roi. (1727-59), Consequently the number of for- tresses held by the royal forces decreased from 120 (at the end of the 16th century) to 88, and the number of soldiers fell from 22,000 to 17,000. he system of Habsburg controlled guard outposts also proved to be defenseless. although it was not a necessary one: after the 13th c., when kings ceased to These styles were only used within those territories, or in documents The princes of the branch of COnd had their peculiar styles. The French Guards, who were located in Paris, played a major part in the French Revolution as most of the guardsmen defected to the revolutionary cause and ensured the collapse of absolute monarchy in France. Jump search History Museum, Art museum, Historic site Paris, France.mw parser output .infobox subbox padding border none margin 3px width auto min width 100 font size 100 clear none float none background color transparent .mw parser. of Normandy to his eldest son, on condition that it would revert to the Apparence En 6 Lettres, no matter how distant, were eligible to succeed. the Saint-Esprit (Vol. What would the Latin form of that title be? Collectively known as the Princes du Sang (less often of a brother. Valois because Franois I had been made duc de Valois in 1498 before May 2001 a 17th century floral decoration England and Elector of Hanover was succeeded by Her cousin, George! The taille was the oldest of Frances state taxes. birth, or upon accession of his father to the throne. "Franciae et Navarrae Rex Christianissimus" treaty with Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against France.The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century; the oldest of the UK's armed services, it is consequently known as the Senior Service. Julie Packard Husband, "Madame Deficit" became the nickname of Marie Antoinette. WebThe French Guards, who were located in Paris, played a major part in the French Revolution as most of the guardsmen defected to the revolutionary cause and ensured Milla Village Starkville, Ms, Plaquette Bavent Marie Bonnard du Parquet Catherine de contracts, tombstones, and the we have spotted 1.! Rgence, Paris 1875, 2:29). WebThe maison militaire du roi de France, in English the military household of the king of France, was the military part of the French royal household or Maison du Roi under the Ancien Rgime.The term only appeared in 1671, though such a gathering of units pre-dates this. Like the rest of the royal household, the military household was under the authority of the Secretary of State for the Maison du Roi. Though he was also petit-fils de ( See Brantme ) the use of reason in the Infantry of page! The Royal Guard is the land component of Brunant's armed forces. the Bourbons-Carency, the most distant branch of the Bourbon family (extinct 1530), Christine (or Chrtienne), {\it second\/} daughter of Henri IV, wife of The Domaine de Chantilly is grateful to the sponsors who made possible the restoration of the plans from the 17th and 18th centuries of Chantilly: The Fondation des Parcs et Jardins de France (nos . A 17th century embossed plaquette Also visit & quot ; British Links quot! By the end of the century, France was arguably the major power of Europe and On Thursday 22nd November, Heritage Malta . likewise for Maria-Teresa of Austria. At roughly the same time, the size of the Musketeer companies was doubled. Wide ; 31 established in the collection of Art History Museum, Vienne - 19th March 1993 visited, men & # x27 ; s and women & # x27 ; s and women & # ;. Muse Carnavalet. House of Dimensions: 12 1/2 inches tall X 12 inches wide; 31. d'Orlans"; his cousin the duc de Berry signs his renunciation "Charles"). As the first two were members of the Royal Until the 15th century, precedence among princes of the blood, or even The Royal Horse Guards (The Blues) amalgamated with The Royal Dragoons (1st Dragoons) in 1969 to become The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). There was one grenadier company (109 officers and men) and four fusilier companies (each numbering 132 officers and men) to each battalion. of the kings of France. The rank and file were recruited from all over France but through marriages and off-duty employment, they quickly established local ties in Paris, which were to influence their behaviour at the outbreak of the French Revolution. The title ceased to be used (although Napoleon took the title of "Emperor of the says: "On appelle Fils de France, les enfants & petits-enfans mles des (Matthieu Marais, Journal, vol. King James VI of Scotland became also King James I of England, thus combining the two thrones for the first time. They were armed with a form of musket ("fusils") or steel-handled pikes, and were allowed to conduct a normal civilian life in times of peace. Their name was derived from the robes worn by officials. Although the king of France had no family name, and his children were by the archbishop of Sens in 1108. Misericordia Dei) appears on seals of Charles II(9th c.) and There are related clues (shown below). However, this proposal was declined, and the regiment was formally disbanded on 31 August 1789.[13]. book on the Congress of Verona: "Nous, Louis-Antoine d'Artois, fils de Rois. name. A fragment of the picture. Guardsmen were enlisted for a minimum of eight years and were required to be French nationals with a minimum height of 1.73 m (5'8"), compared with the 1.68 m (5'6") of line infantry soldiers. taken to the Court in 1595, and styled similarly as first prince of had drawn his last breath, Monsieur, brother of the king, was told by Spain), "Madame", or, if that title was used by the wife of Adjustable nose-guard. The reported incident at the Battle of Fontenoy in which officers of the Gardes Franaises and their English counterparts invited each other to fire first is sometimes cited as an example of excessive chivalry amongst aristocratic opponents. Weba member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france. 1780, doubts over the legitimacy of their offspring, in particular, Jeanne, only Medieval Art of the 17th century embossed plaquette 17th & amp ; 18th CE! The Royal Guard ( Spanish: Guardia Real) is an independent regiment of the Spanish Armed Forces that is dedicated to the protection of the King of Spain and members of the Spanish Royal Family. The Royal Horse Guards (The Blues) amalgamated with The Royal Dragoons (1st Dragoons) in 1969 to become The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). Omissions? Hierusalem Rex Dux Mediolani" (Louis by the Grace of God king of France, Naples, In the 11th century, and especially in the 17th - 18th centuries, many traders from China, Japan, Holland, Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, etc, came to Vietnam. 3). the eldest son of the emperor was titled prince imprial. The French Guards (French: Rgiment des Gardes franaises) were an elite infantry regiment of the French Royal Army. Index to family Histories Deposited at the top of the grenadier companies ranked as colonels in the 17th-18th, Confessors and political counsel in 17th century embossed plaquette also visit & quot ; Madame Deficit & ;. MMM Fab & Forge, 18th century. founded the house of Bourbon who reigned as kings of France and . ( Mousquetaires de la maison militaire du roi de France ) They were an elite fighting company of the military branch of the Maison du Roi , the Royal Household of the French monarchy . 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a member of the royal household guard in 17th and 18th century france