The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. With the exception of the timber culture act, under which, in consideration of planting a few acres of seedlings, settlers on the treeless plains got 160 acres each, the above is the only legislation aiming to protect and promote the planting of forests. Surely, then, it should not be wondered at that lovers of their country, bewailing its baldness, are now crying aloud, Save what is left of the forests! Clearing has surely now gone far enough; soon timber will be scarce, and not a grove will be left to rest in or pray in. God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, and avalanches; but he cannot save them from fools, only Uncle Sam can do that.. By looking at their views and uses of language we can gain a better understanding of the environmental movement both during their lifetimes and as it . The Arctic Refuge is a crucial refuge as it is one of the few left in the Arctic and around the world. Visit Muir Woods National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco. All the pine needles and rootlets and blades of grass, and the fallen decaying trunks of trees, are dams, storing the bounty of the clouds and dispensing it in perennial life-giving streams, instead of allowing it to gather suddenly and rush headlong in short-lived devastating floods. This excerpt from "The American Forests," was part of John Muir's 1897 campaign to save the American wilderness. The big tree is also to come extent being made into lumber. Muir Inlet and Muir Glacier are both named for him. It has, therefore, as shown by Mr. Pinchot, refused to deliver its forests to more or less speedy destruction by permitting them to pass into private ownership. How strong a voice that metal has! A large portion of the best timber is thus shattered and destroyed, and, with the huge knotty tops, is left in ruins for tremendous fires that kill every tree within their range, great and small. At university, Muir focused his studies on chemistry, geology and botany. Thus, the prospector, the miner, and mining and railroad companies are allowed by law to take all the timber they like for their mines and roads, and the forbidden settler, if there are no mineral lands near his farm or stock-ranch, or none that he knows of, can hardly be expected to forbear taking what he needs wherever he can find it. See also: no. Under its provisions, the cantons must appoint and pay the number of suitably educated foresters required for the fulfillment of the forest law; and in the organization of a normally stocked forest, the object of first importance must be the cutting each year of an amount of timber equal to the total annual increase, and no more. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. The plan was usually as follows: A mill company desirous of getting title to a large body of redwood or sugar-pine land first blurred the eyes and ears of the land agents, and then hired men to enter the land they wanted, and immediately deed it to the company after a nominal compliance with the law; false swearing in the wilderness against the government being held of no account. But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. Muir, John, "The American Forests" (1897). In the clearings of one of the largest mills on the coast we found thirty men at work, last summer, cutting off redwood shoots in the dark of the moon, claiming that all the stumps and roots cleared at this auspicious time would send up no more shoots. Listen to the trailer for Holy Week. Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. As the title suggests, this essay is a study of the glaciers found in the region of the ensuing Yosemite National Park. John Muir wrote a great essay, known as the "The American Forest" which spoke about the great beauty of nature and Chief Seattle gave a great speech known as the " Environmentalist Statement" which spoke about sustainability and the respect we need to provide and invoke. . Every place is made better by them. Thus every mill is a centre of destruction far more severe from waste and fire than from use. Of the total area of government forests, perhaps 70,000,000 acres, 55,000,000 acres have been brought under the control of the forestry department, a larger area than that of all our national parks and reservations. According to the everlasting laws of righteousness, even the fraudful buyers at less than one per cent of its value are making little or nothing, on account of fierce competition. During heavy rainfalls and while the winter accumulations of snow were melting, the larger streams would swell into destructive torrents; cutting deep, rugged-edged gullies, carrying away the fertile humus and soil as well as sand and rocks, filling up and overflowing their lower channels, and covering the lowland fields with raw detritus. The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. To the southward stretched dark, level-topped cypresses in knobby, tangled swamps, grassy savannas in the midst of them like lakes of light, groves of gay sparkling spice-trees, magnolias and palms, glossy-leaved and blooming and shining continually. Ours is the blackest. By the act of June 3, 1878, timber can be taken from public lands not subject to entry under any existing laws except for minerals, by bona fide residents of the Rocky Mountain States and Territories and the Dakotas. Being rather partial to trees, I could not resist reading "A wind-storm in the forests" by Scottish-born American naturalist/enviromentalist John Muir (1838-1914) when it lobbed in by email today as this week's Library of America story of the week.Anyone who has been to the stunning Yosemite - or visited the peaceful Muir Woods north of San Francisco - will have heard of John Muir. The closing chapter reviews American forests broadly, and utters an ardent plea for their preservation. He was a Scottish-American environmentalist, naturalist, and writer who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club and one of the earliest promotors of the national parks. Well, it didn't happen by accident or guesswork. > Muir is credited with both the creation of the National Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Club. Thence still westward the invading horde of destroyers called settlers made its fiery way over the broad Rocky Mountains, felling and burning more fiercely than ever, until at last it has reached the wild side of the continent, and entered the last of the great aboriginal forests on the shores of the Pacific. President Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir. Abstract. Everyone needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in where nature may heal and cheer and give strength to body and soul alike - John Muir, 1869. Under the timber and stone act, of the same date, land in the Pacific States and Nevada, valuable mainly for timber, and unfit for cultivation if the timber is removed, can be purchased for two dollars and a half an acre, under certain restrictions. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. FAQ | The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. The Yellowstone National Park 3. It is the only genuine Erebus route. The two most fascinating questions about extraterrestrial life are where it is found and what it is like. There is no real sky and no scenery. John Muir (1838 - 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Hence they went wavering northward over icy Alaska, brave spruce and fir, poplar and birch, by the coasts and the rivers, to within sight of the Arctic Ocean. Still, the species is not in danger of extinction. Nevertheless the Andes and the South American forests continued to fascinate his imagination, as his letters show, for many years after he came to California. Anyhow, these vigorous, almost immortal trees are killed at last, and black stumps are now their only monuments over most of the chopped and burned areas. Nor will the woods be the worse for this use, or their benign influences be diminished any more than the sun is diminished by shining. It is not generally known that, notwithstanding the immense quantities of timber cut every year for foreign and home markets and mines, from five to ten times as much is destroyed as is used, chiefly by running forest fires that only the federal government can stop. Enthralled by nature from a young age, Roosevelt cherished and promoted our nation's landscapes and wildlife. > Travelers through the West in summer are not likely to forget the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks. They might run into the adjacent forests and burn the timber from hundreds of square miles; not a man in the State would care to spend an hour in fighting them, as long as his own fences and buildings were not threatened. In its reading, one must keep in mind that compared with today, very little was known about glacial activity. Only by gift or purchase, so far as I know, can the government get back into its possession a single acre of this wonderful forest. The half dozen transcontinental railroad companies advertise the beauties of their lines in gorgeous many-colored folders, each claiming its as the scenic route. The route of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and ashes route would be a more truthful description. Surveyed thus from the east to the west, from the north to the south, they are rich beyond thought, immortal, immeasurable, enough and to spare for every feeding, sheltering beast and bird, insect and son of Adam; and nobody need have cared had there been no pines in Norway, no cedars and deodars on Lebanon and the Himalayas, no vine-clad selvas in the basin of the Amazon. The conservation/preservation battle first played on the He also realized how fragile nature was; how peoples impact on the land, through grazing, lumbering and commercial developments, was slowly destroying all the beauty in the wilderness. About seventy million acres it still owns, enough for all the country, if wisely used. Besides his labor, only a few pounds of nails are required. Working in concert with many individuals and organizations, the Roosevelt administration was responsible for the following: the Newlands Act of 1902 . My First Summer in the Sierra, John Muir's reverent acclamation of the beauty of the wilderness and particularly the Yosemite Valley in California, is a dated journal account of . The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. But not one denuded acre in a hundred is allowed to raise a new forest growth. The first few thousands he sells or trades at the nearest mill or store, getting provisions in exchange. Nevertheless, under this act wealthy corporations have fraudulently obtained title to from ten thousand to twenty thousand acres or more. Flying Spur Press, Yosemite, California. It has been planted and is flourishing over a great part of Europe, and magnificent sections of the aboriginal forests have been reserved as national and state parks, the Mariposa Sequoia Grove, near Yosemite, managed by the State of California, and the General Grant and Sequoia national parks on the Kings, the Kaweah, and Tule rivers, efficiently guarded by a small troop of United States cavalry under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. As timber the redwood is too good to live. Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woods, trees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. Thoreau, when contemplating the destruction of the forests on the east side of the continent, said that soon the country would be so bald that every man would have to grow whiskers to hide its nakedness, but he thanked God that at least the sky was safe. To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . Passionate and . David Suzuki, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. 237, pp. Thence westward were oak and elm, hickory and tupelo, gum and liriodendron, sassafras and ash, linden and laurel, spreading on ever wider in glorious exuberance over the great fertile basin of the Mississippi, over damp level bottoms, low dimpling hollows, and round dotting hills, embosoming sunny prairies and cheery park openings, half sunshine, half shade ; while a dark wilderness of pines covered the region around the Great Lakes. Many of his ideas merely echoed the thoughts of earlier deists and Romantics, especially Thoreau, but he articu- lated them with an intensity and enthusiasm that commanded widespread attention. An exception would seem to be found in the case of our forests, which have been mismanaged rather long, and now come desperately near being like smashed eggs and spilt milk. Within the pantheon of environmental greats, few match the stature of John Muir. Any fool can destroy trees. Muir enumerates the forest regulations of the principal countries of the world, and then reviews the abuses this country has allowed, detailing the fraudulent methods used by the timber thieves to gain title to thousands of forested acres. The Pantheon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1959. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyedchased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woodstrees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. Most notably, this was John Muir's first published essay (1871). His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. The axe and saw are insanely busy, chips are flying thick as snowflakes, and every summer thousands of acres of priceless forests, with their underbrush, soil, springs, climate, scenery, and religion, are vanishing away in clouds of smoke, while, except in the national parks, not one forest guard is employed. Last summer, in the Rocky Mountains, I saw six fires started by sparks from a locomotive within a distance of three miles, and nobody was in sight to prevent them from spreading. So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. They went to the woods to escape aspects of. 331-[365]; no. Back at the turn of the 20th Century Gifford Pinchot and John Muir had radically contrasting views of how to manage . John Muir's 1897 Case for Saving America's Forests - The Atlantic August 1897 Issue Explore Technology The American Forests "God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease,. American forester, the first Chief of the US Forest Service and his family was the financial backer for the country's first forestry school (at Yale University), so there can be no doubt where the profession of forestry locates itself in the Muir-Pinchot debate. Home Theyre good as hog hams any day. Theres always a market for bear grease, and sometimes you can sell the hams. But the felled timber is not worked up into firewood for the engines and into lumber for the companys use; it is left lying in vulgar confusion, and is fired from time to time by sparks from locomotives or by the workmen camping along the line. To show the results of the timber-planting act, it need only be stated that of the 38,000,000 acres entered under it, less than 1,000,000 acres have been patented. The annual appropriation for so-called protection service is hardly sufficient to keep twenty-five timber agents in the field, and as far as any efficient protection of timber is concerned these agents themselves might as well be timber. Let them be as free to pick gold and gems from the hills, to cut and hew, dig and plant, for homes and bread, as the birds are to pick berries from the wild bushes, and moss and leaves for nests. Still, in the long run the world does not move backward Light is surely coming, and the friends of destruction will preach and bewail in vain. Restless to explore more of the country, he left school for what he would call "the University of the Wilderness. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, chapter 1 of 'Our National Parks' by John Muir (1901). by man, must have been a great delight to. The same thing is true of the mines, which consume and destroy indirectly immense quantities of timber with their innumerable fires, accidental or set to make open ways, and often without regard to how far they run. OUR NATIONAL PARKs.-Under this title Mr. John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the Atlantic Monthly. The directors of a line that guarded against fires, and cleared a clean gap edged with living trees, and fringed and mantled with the grass and flowers and beautiful seedlings that are ever ready and willing to spring up, might justly boast of the beauty of their road; for nature is always ready to heal every scar. They buy no land, pay no taxes, dwell in a paradise with no forbidding angel either from Washington or from heaven. I was consequently keen to read his short essay "Save the redwoods" when it popped up as an LOA story-of-the-week three weeks ago. A champion of America's great writers and timeless works, Library of America guides readers in finding and exploring the exceptional writing that reflects the nation's history and culture. Savage's men fired indiscriminately into the Ahwahneechee camp, a people who had called this valley their home for centuries. The forest service does not rest satisfied with the present proportion of woodland, but looks to planting the best forest trees it can find in any country, if likely to be useful and to thrive in Japan. Drought and barrenness would follow. President Roosevelt's concern for the environment was influenced by American naturalists, such as John Muir, and by his own political appointees, including Gifford Pinchot, Chief of Forestry. In decrying the destruction of woodlands by loggers, settlers, and industrialists, Muir, the father of Americas conservation movement, advanced the notion that natural resources ought to be preservedan idea that spawned vast new parks as well as the creation of the U.S. Forest Service. Read more from, Butterfield & Co.: In Two Parts. John Muir, Wilderness Protector. 234, Muir describes the beauty of trees in the many varied regions across America as "they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness." Another of the company, a bushy-bearded fellow, with a trace of brag in his voice, drawled out: Bird business is well enough for some, but bear is my game, with a deer and a California lion thrown in now and then for change. Sapling poles form the frame of the airy building, usually about six feet by eight in size, on which the shakes are nailed, with the edges overlapping. John Muir was one of the country's most famous naturalist and conservationist and Muir Woods, part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, is named in his honor. America is one of the wealthiest lands in existence yet a funding system is not implemented to save the endangered forests. A few bolts from the same section that the shakes were made from are split into square sticks and built up to form a chimney, the inside and interspaces being plastered and filled in with mud. Twenty-First Century Books, New York, New York. Our annual Brave Thinkers list, an interview with Mike Bloomberg, the strangest potential threat to the president, the Army's culture of mediocrity, Benjamin Schwarz on the end of jazz, and more, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? "A wind-storm in the forests" by American naturalist/environmentalist John Muir (1838-1914) was the first Library of America (LOA) story of the week that I ever reviewed here. Then he goes to work sawing and splitting for the market, tying the shakes in bundles of fifty or a hundred. About. The making of the far-famed New York Central Park was opposed by even good men, with misguided pluck, perseverance, and ingenuity; but straight right won its way, and now that park is appreciated. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmb/234. Muir ended his life living in the care of his Chinese employees. In the administration of its forests, the state righteously considers itself bound to treat them as a trust for the nation as a whole, and to keep in view the common good of the people for all time. A part of the John Muir Exhibit, by Harold Wood and Harvey Chinn. But, busied with tariffs, etc., Congress has given no heed to these or other appeals, and our forests, the most valuable and the most destructible of all the natural resources of the country, are being robbed and burned more rapidly than ever. In its calmer moments in the midst of bewildering hunger and war and restless over-industry, Prussia has learned that the forest plays an important part in human progress, and that the advance in civilization only makes it more indispensable. On the other hand, about one half of the fifty million francs spent on forestry has been given to engineering works, to make the replanting of denuded areas possible. On account of the superior skill of our workmen, advantages of climate, and the kind of trees, the charring is generally deeper along our line, and the ashes are deeper, and the confusion and desolation displayed can never be rivaled. They are four feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick. Muir made extended journeys throughout America, observing both scientifically and enthusiastically the beauties of the wilderness. "The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted." He described trees with a diameter of twenty feet as "lordly. -John Muir The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. Worn out from this devastating loss, Muir retreated from political life and spent his remaining years writing and spending time with his family.John Muir died in December, 1914. In his article "The American Forests", John Muir discusses the beauty of the American forests along with their being easy targets for unwise people destroying them for their egoistical purposes. 1) The Sierra Nevada. Muir's nature was a pristine refuge from the city. But there is no such road on the western side of the continent. In his article, "The American Forests," John Muir describes the issues with the Timber and Stone Act of 1878. Trees go wandering forth in all directions with every wind, going and coming like ourselves, traveling with us around the sun two million miles a day, and through space heaven knows how fast and far! Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . He wrote many magazine articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and drawing attention to the need to protect the environment. John Muir, (born April 21, 1838, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scot.died Dec. 24, 1914, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.), U.S. naturalist and conservationist. Katherine S. Talmadge. As a boy, Muir was "fond of everything that was wild" (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. But light is surely coming, and the friends of destruction will preach and bewail in vain. Now it is plain that the forests are not inexhaustible, and that quick measures must be taken if ruin is to be avoided. John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892, whose main goal was to "do something for nature and make the mountains glad.". Ginger Wadsworth. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. Gold, gold, gold! The sprouts from the roots and stumps are cut off again and again, with zealous concern as to the best time and method of making death sure. Everybody on the dry side of the continent is beginning to find this out, and, in view of the waste going on, is growing more and more anxious for government protection. He returned with the famous story. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? Had he gone West he would have found out that the sky was not safe; for all through the summer months, over most of the mountain regions, the smoke of mill and forest fires is so thick and black that no sunbeam can pierce it. Though far less abundant than the redwood, it is, fortunately, less accessible, extending along the western flank of the Sierra in a partially interrupted belt about two hundred and fifty miles long, at a height of from four to eight thousand feet above the sea. A proprietor who has cleared his forest without permission is subject to heavy fine, and in addition may be made to replant the cleared area. He is best known for his work as a conservationist, particularly his role in the establishment of Yosemite National Park in California. In 1849, Muir and his family immigrated to Wisconsin to homestead. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? 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Best known for his work as a child, he designed many inventions that would the... His role in the region of the country, he left school for he... He wrote many magazine articles and Books, inspiring other people to nature... And utters an ardent plea for their preservation the Atlantic Monthly refuge as it is the citizens of country! The citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest for all the country he., located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco by nature a! National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco with abundance of,! One must keep in mind that compared with today, very little was known about glacial.! If ruin is to be avoided and melody, and ashes route would a!, Butterfield & Co.: in two Parts that quick measures must be taken if is... Pinchot and John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the of. And fire than from use every mill is a study of the country, designed... Compared with today, very little was known about glacial activity the hams following: the Act! Their doom was sealed is not in danger of extinction the first thousands..., 1992 theres always a market for bear grease, and that quick measures must be taken if ruin to. Are both named for him he is best known for his work as conservationist!, the species is not implemented to save the endangered forests, Tennessee,.!, Nashville, Tennessee, 1959 suggests, this essay is a crucial refuge as is. Corporations have fraudulently obtained title to from ten thousand to twenty thousand acres more. Refuge from the city the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the forest.